Farmer Led Extension Approach for Livelihood Improvement of Tribal People

Farmer-led extension (FLE) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional public extension systems, particularly in resource-constrained tribal regions. This study examines the sustainability of the Millet Farmer Facilitator (MFF) approach implemented during 2019–2022 in Kolli Hills (Tamil Nadu) and Koraput (Odisha), India. The study adopted a mixed-method design involving 200 millet farmers (100 from each site) and 10 MFFs selected through an opinion leader approach. Primary data were collected using semi-structured interview schedules and group-based assessments. Sustainability in this study is defined as the continued provision of extension services by MFFs after withdrawal of external project support. The analysis focused on four drivers: institutional linkages, social capital, minimum service charges, and motivation of MFFs. Findings indicate that (i) strong institutional linkages with government departments and local organizations significantly supported continuity of services, (ii) farmer groups and collective activities enhanced social capital and trust, and (iii) modest service charges for inputs and advisory services contributed to financial viability. Additionally, intrinsic motivation and social recognition were critical in sustaining MFF engagement. The study demonstrates that farmer-led extension systems can remain functional beyond project periods when embedded within local institutional and social structures.