International Journal of Social Science Research (IJSSR)

Malaria in Tribal Communities of Odisha: A Narrative Review of Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Public Health Implications

Malaria remains one of the most significant vector-borne diseases affecting global public health, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions where ecological and socio-economic conditions support sustained transmission. Despite substantial progress in malaria prevention and control during the past two decades, the disease continues to pose a major health challenge in many developing countries. In India, malaria incidence has declined due to strengthened surveillance systems, improved diagnostic services, and expanded vector control interventions. However, the distribution of malaria remains uneven, with a higher burden observed in geographically remote and socio-economically disadvantaged areas. The state of Odisha has long been recognized as one of the malaria-endemic regions of the country, particularly in districts with a high concentration of tribal populations. This study presents a narrative review of existing literature on malaria among tribal communities in Odisha. The review aims to examine patterns of disease prevalence, identify key environmental and socio-economic risk factors, and discuss the broader public health implications of malaria in these regions. Relevant peer-reviewed studies and reports were identified through systematic searches of major academic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The findings indicate that malaria transmission in tribal regions is shaped by a complex interaction of ecological conditions, poverty, occupational exposure, inadequate housing, and limited access to healthcare services. The predominance of Plasmodium falciparum further increases the risk of severe disease outcomes, particularly among children and pregnant women. Strengthening primary healthcare services, improving community awareness, and implementing integrated and culturally sensitive public health strategies are essential for sustainable malaria control in tribal regions of Odisha.