International Journal of Social Science Research (IJSSR)

Energy Geography and Resource Nationalism: How Turkmenistan’s Natural Gas Pipeline Geography Influences Its Foreign Policy Orientation Toward Russia, China, and Europe

Turkmenistan leverages its substantial natural gas reserves to navigate its foreign policy towards Russia, China, and Europe. This article addresses the research question: How does Turkmenistan’s natural gas pipeline geography influence its foreign policy orientation toward Russia, China, and Europe? Through an analysis of key pipelines, export patterns, and geopolitical constraints, it reveals how pipeline dependencies foster a multi-vector approach rooted in resource nationalism. Findings show a shift from Russian dominance to Chinese reliance, with tentative European outreach hampered by regional opposition. Recent developments, including gas swaps and renewed Russian ties, underscore Turkmenistan's strategy to diversify while prioritizing sovereignty and economic stability. The study highlights the need for balanced energy diplomacy to mitigate vulnerabilities.